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Phase distortion can be caused by any amplitude or frequency sensitive components, such as ceramic capacitors or high-Q inductors, and is usually present in multi-stage amplifiers. This distortion may have a positive or negative sign, resulting in occasions where the level of some of the final IMD products (d3 0r ds, or both) may be lower than that of the driving signal, due to canceling effects of opposite phases. Actual levels depend on the relative magnitude of each distortion product present. From the above it is apparent that the distortion figures presented by the spectrum analyzer represent a combination of amplitude, harmonic and phase distortion.
